Manno for Fordham Institute: Don’t just defend or destroy the National Center for Education Statistics. Rebuild it.

In early 2025, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) was largely dismantled. The Trump administration, acting through the Elon Musk–led Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), cut NCES’s federal staff from 103 employees to three, removed its commissioner, and canceled roughly three-quarters of its contracts. This disrupted or halted much of its important statistical work. That is a problem that must be remedied. The question is how. A new report from the American Statistical Association (ASA) argues that the answer is not to recreate what was dismantled, but to build a new and better agency.

Written by Shelly Wilkie Martinez and Stephen Provasnik, A Vision and Strategy for Remaking the National Center for Education Statistics is a starting point. And to that end, the ASA is seeking public feedback as it moves into a second phase, expected to commence in 2027, that will refine the vision and develop a fuller roadmap for rebuilding NCES.

The report begins from two propositions that are sometimes—mistakenly—treated as contradictory.

Read more in Fordham Institute

Kahlenberg and Lin in The Daily Cavalier: U.Va. Humanities scholars push back on national report alleging politicized scholarship

[…]

Like Field, Sandhya Shukla, professor of English and chair of American Studies, remarked in a statement to The Cavalier Daily not just on the report’s conclusion about the fields she studies, but also on how the conclusions were reached. The report’s discussion of American Studies is based on a paper by Richard Kahlenberg and Lief Lin, who argue that American Quarterly — the leading journal of American Studies — promotes a politically biased worldview for a discussion of American Studies that Shukla wrote is everchanging.

“A coding of journal articles in terms of positive or negative portrayals of America illuminates very little about a complex and changing interdisciplinary project that is much more interested in ‘how’ nation has been imagined and lived, than the ‘what’ of any stance like exceptionalism,” Shukla wrote. “That’s a problem of method and theory.”

Shukla also argued that Kahlenberg and Lin’s statement for American Studies to teach an “honest and hopeful account of American History” itself is an ideological demand.

“They are really arguing for an ideological agenda, for an academic field, in a strange echo of what they and other critics of ‘liberal’ or ‘left-wing’ humanities decry,” Shukla wrote.

[…]

Read more in The Daily Cavalier

Canter for Merion West: When Education Reform Loses Touch With Reality

For the past twenty years, I have spent a lot of time thinking about—and advocating for—accountability in public education. I wrote about some of that experience in my recent paper, Inside the Mississippi Marathon, in which I chronicle Mississippi’s twenty-year climb from worst to first, when adjusting for demographics, in reading and math outcomes. Education advocates like me frequently talk about what adults in schools and positions of leadership should be doing (or not doing), and how we should hold them accountable for it. We rarely talk about what accountability means for most of the people generating education policy ideas.

Now that I have joined the ranks of national education reformers, I am thinking more and more about that question.

I have strong feelings about the responsibilities of policy wonks for good reason. Years ago, I was working on a major piece of education legislation in Mississippi, one of the many I worked on over the course of my career. A person from a national organization came down from Washington, D.C.—we will call this person “The Snob”—and met with several policymakers about the bill. I do not recall exactly how I came to be in this particular private meeting between The Snob and Mississippi Senate Education Chair Gray Tollison, but I do recall that it was not quite clear to me why The Snob had come down. She did not represent any constituency that was critical to the passage of the bill, nor did she have the standing in Mississippi to matter too much one way or another. And though she was on our side of the debate, we also did not need any more “experts” from D.C. I had already mastered the ins and outs of the legislation after spending years reading all the credible research and talking to other specialists and practitioners.

All of this would have been news to The Snob, though, who clearly felt her opinions were of the utmost importance. The meeting went off the rails almost immediately after finishing the usual niceties. “I totally disagree,” The Snob emphatically declared when we explained why one section of the bill did not exactly match the theoretical ideal that she believed in. We tried, very diplomatically, to explain again that this was an aspect of the bill that had been a source of enormous trouble and that it had taken significant work to find a solution palatable to everyone involved. “Well, I get to say whatever I want because I’m not from here,” she sniffed. “I can go back to D.C.”

It was a shocking thing to say, especially with the tone she took. Had she shared either her critique of that portion of the bill or her belief that she could bear no consequences for her words either in public or to any other Mississippi legislator than the one sitting beside me, I likely would have had to spend the next month trying to salvage the bill from the jaws of death for the umpteenth time. It took everything in me not to yell at her from across the table. The best I could do was shoot her a Julia Sugarbaker-worthy death glare.

Read more in Merion West

Manno for Real Clear Education: As Students Return, What Did Federal Pandemic Aid Accomplish?

As students return to classrooms, the educational effects of the pandemic remain unfinished business. More than six years after schools first closed, achievement remains below 2019 levels in many districts. Researchers are still trying to determine how much the nearly $190 billion in federal emergency aid helped students recover.

A new working paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) appears to offer a discouraging verdict. It finds that additional federal aid did not increase school spending or improve student test scores in the districts the researchers studied.

That conclusion seems to conflict with research from the Education Scorecard and the Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education Research, or CALDER. Both found that federal pandemic aid contributed to academic recovery, particularly in mathematics and in high-poverty districts.

But the studies are not as contradictory as they first appear. Together, they offer a more useful lesson. It’s not enough to ask whether money matters. Policymakers must ask whether federal aid becomes additional education spending, where it goes, and whether schools use it for activities likely to improve learning.

Read more in Real Clear Education

Canter and Manno for The 74: 6 Keys to Moving CTE From Pilot to Permanent Part of a Redesigned HS Experience

Media stories about the skills mismatch between applicant qualifications and employer expectations have been a regular feature for decades. Among the most recent entries are a Washington Post story titled “Why Recruiters Can’t Find Workers and New Grads Can’t Find Jobs,” which warned of the oncoming “largest labor shortage in history,” and a Forbes report on a survey from the National Federation of Independent Businesses that showed a majority of respondents seeking to hire in June couldn’t find qualified staff. One in five said this is their biggest issue as a small business owner.

Solving this predicament is one rationale for the strong political support and attention shown to work-based learning and high school career and technical education programs. But leaders running these programs report a quandary of their own: They can’t find enough employers willing to host interested high school students in meaningful roles, or sometimes enough students to fill available spots.

The usual explanation, that one side or the other isn’t trying hard enough, misses what’s really going on. The problem isn’t effort. It’s infrastructure.

Read more in The 74

What Place Does Patriotism Have in Schools?

As debates over patriotism, civic education, and the teaching of American history continue across the country, eight Americans with diverse backgrounds and viewpoints come together for a respectful, thought-provoking conversation.

Hosted by Courageous Conversations about our Schools in partnership with Braver Angels, the panel explores two fundamental questions:

• What does patriotism mean to you personally? How, if at all, does it differ from nationalism?

• What role, if any, should public schools play in shaping students’ sense of patriotism? How can schools encourage love of country while also fostering critical thinking and honest inquiry?

Manno for Datia K12: Texas Shows What Coherent College and Career Advising Looks Like

For many of America’s schools, advising means a single overworked counselor, a stack of course catalogs, and a handful of rushed conversations in junior and senior year. Students are left to piece together how their classes, their interests, and their post-graduation options actually connect.

Texas has spent the past five years testing a different model. The early results are worth the attention of state and local K-12 leaders.

Working with the nonprofit TNTP, the Texas Education Agency built the Effective Advising Framework, or EAF. The idea is simple to state and hard to execute. Instead of treating postsecondary planning as an event that happens near graduation, make sure it happens across a student’s entire K-12 experience.

The first part of this approach involved TNTP and the state agency mapping grade-level expectations from kindergarten through 12th grade across four areas: career development, academic development, financial literacy and aid, and personal and social development. Districts then adapted those expectations to their students and communities, giving every campus a common vision of what advising should look like at every age, leaving room for local judgment about how to deliver it.

Read more in Datia K12

Manno for Washington Monthly: The Quiet Redesign of the Bachelor’s Degree

American higher education has a completion problem it doesn’t like to advertise. For decades, the bachelor’s degree came in one shape: four years of typically uninterrupted coursework delivered on one campus. But this model is being dismantled nationwide, with little coordination and even less fanfare, leaving colleges and universities struggling.

The reason is a number that most Americans have never heard. At the start of the 2023-24 academic year, there were 43.1 million individuals who carry some college credit and no credential. This population has grown in every state and the District of Columbia since 2021, according to the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center. For decades, the policy answer to this predicament was some version of Try harder, come back.

But that’s changing. State policymakers are quietly rewriting what a bachelor’s degree is, letting community colleges grant them outright, compressing four years into three, and dissolving the line between high school and college altogether. The moves are separate, disconnected, and rarely discussed as a single trend. But together they amount to a wholesale redesign of the undergraduate degree, who provides it, and a real test of whether American higher education can build more than one model for getting a diploma.

Read more in Washington Monthly

Kahlenberg and Lin for the Radically Pragmatic Substack: What’s Wrong with American Studies?

The field of American Studies appears to be in a defensive crouch.

This January, we published a study analyzing the flagship journal of the American Studies Association, American Quarterly. In the report, we objected to Donald Trump’s attempt to whitewash negative aspects of our country’s story but found that the articles in American Quarterly did the reverse by erasing anything good about the United States. Examining nearly 100 articles over a three-year period, we found that 80% were critical of America, 20% neutral, and not a single article was positive.

We published the full report, “The Distortion of American Studies: How the Field’s Leading Journal Has Embraced a Worldview as Slanted as Donald Trump’s,” with the Progressive Policy Institute and a summary in the Wall Street Journal, under the headline “American Studies Can’t Stand Its Subject.” We said there were plenty of valid reasons to critique America, but also asked, how could the articles in American Quarterly show no curiosity about any of America’s worthwhile attributes? How could there be no articles exploring, for instance, why the United States is cited as the most desirable destination for immigrants, or why we have so many Nobel Prize winners?

The response to our findings from leading academics has been as revealing as the original study. We thought professors might argue that particular articles should have been categorized as positive. Alternatively, academics might have seen the study as an opportunity for self-reflection, to ask whether they needed to do a better job of telling the full American story. Instead, with one admirable exception, their responses have been mostly misleading and dismissive, mischaracterizing the way we conducted our review and going so far as to deny the very existence of objective historical truths.

Read more on the Radically Pragmatic Substack

Manno for Datia K12:The Nuance in the Social Media Debate That K-12 Leaders Can’t Afford to Miss

A new survey from the American Survey Center at the American Enterprise Institute complicates the tidy story most people tell about teenagers and social media. That complication is exactly what K-12 school leaders need to hear.

The survey, authored by Daniel Cox, finds real harm associated with social media use among teenagers. But it’s not the harm, and not the population, that dominates the public conversation.

The effects show up almost entirely among heavy users, teens spending four or more hours a day on these platforms. Moderate and light users look statistically similar to each other. And the effects concentrate among girls. Heavy-using teen girls report satisfaction with their lives at less than half the rate of girls who use social media lightly, a 30-point gap.

Sleep, reading for pleasure, excitement about the future, and self-rated health all show the same pattern. Notably, the survey finds no relationship between social media use and friendship formation or satisfaction. This runs counter to the common claim that these platforms simply make teenagers lonelier.

Read More in Datia K12. 

 

Canter and Manno for Thomas Fordham Institute: Good programs aren’t enough: States need a work-based learning strategy

In Philadelphia, a young person leaving Launchpad Philly’s post-high school graduate training track is on pace to earn nearly $30,000 within nine months and $50,000 within one year. That far outpaces the roughly $12,500 a young Philadelphian with only a high school diploma typically earns.

That’s not a best-case anecdote. It’s a design choice. And it’s one of six such designs documented in our new report, A Practical Guide to Work-Based Learning, which also examines a network of career and technical charter schools in South Bend, Indiana; an industry-themed school network in San Antonio; a rural coordination model spanning a thinly populated Indiana county; a Purdue-affiliated early college network; and a multi-district rural collaborative in Colorado.

Each program provides, by any fair measure, excellent preparation for college and career. And each one raises the same uncomfortable predicament. Education has no shortage of good ideas. What it lacks is a strategy for making them commonplace.

States should stop treating work-based learning primarily as something individual schools or districts choose to pursue and start treating it as something the state itself is responsible for enabling at scale. Based on what separated our six success stories from the much larger number of well-intentioned efforts that stall out, here are four actions state policymakers can pursue.

Read more in Thomas Fordham Institute

Canter on Radically Pragmatic Substack: How Mississippi Almost Abandoned Its Education Reforms

The little-known story of how backlash to Common Core nearly sank the policies that have turned the state into a national model.


Adapted from Rachel Canter’s PPI report.

One of the most remarkable aspects of Mississippi’s education reforms has been its durability. Unlike the policy churn familiar to education advocates in most of the country, the state has steadily built on its reform agenda for around 15 years to create a coherent and comprehensive policy framework — one that includes not only strong learning standards and rules that hold schools accountable for their results, but also evidence-based instructional practices like the science of reading and real support for implementation down to the classroom level. As I’ve written, it was this marathon approach that helped propel us to the top of the national leader board in reading and math, when adjusting for demographics, in 2024.

What some may not realize is that our ability to keep going wasn’t simply dumb luck. It was grit. By the time Mississippi began making efforts to dramatically improve learning, the national mood had already begun to sour on ideas like accountability and rigorous standards. The bipartisan consensus for reform was pulling apart at the seams, and states across the country were already starting to turn back, or water down, measures they had enthusiastically adopted only a few years before.

From the left, longstanding complaints about standardized testing found new purchase with the public after several years of No Child Left Behind, which used grade-level scores on exams as the exclusive measure of whether schools could be designated as “in need of improvement” and face consequences. When reformers began to advocate that tests be used to evaluate teachers, their unions saw an opportunity not only to cast the effort as an attack on educators but to delegitimize all standardized testing and the broader concept of school accountability. A 2008 Time Magazine cover of the first mayorally-appointed Chancellor of DC Public Schools, Michelle Rhee, holding a broom became emblematic not of reformers’ desire to clean up overly bureaucratic and ineffective school districts but of the teachers union’s accusation that reformers sought to fire their way to success.

On the right, the Common Core State Standards, adopted by most states in 2010, became the subject of evolving and increasingly bizarre conspiracy theories online and in conservative media. Reasonable critiques — ranging from concerns the standards didn’t emphasize phonics enough in the early grades to philosophical disagreements about whether the federal government should incentivize the adoption of particular state learning standards — were completely blown away by allegations that the standards were a sinister plot to indoctrinate children in left-wing ideologies. Conservatives dubbed the standards “Obamacore,” despite the entire effort preceding Obama’s presidency and having its genesis in a wholly state-driven process, because many states had rushed their adoption to be competitive in the first round of Race to the Top, the president’s signature education grant initiative.

Continue reading on Substack.

America’s ‘industrial’ working class has shrunk by about a million since 2016

FACT: America’s ‘industrial’ working class has shrunk by about a million since 2016.

THE NUMBERS: U.S. hourly-wage goods-producing employment* –

 

          2025      9.60 million
2024     9.63 million
2016   10.56 million
2010     9.50 million
2005   11.33 million

* The BLS Current Population Survey combines manufacturing, agriculture/forestry/fisheries, and mining.

WHAT THEY MEAN: 

Special note: Beginning in August, Trade Facts will be delivered through PPI’s newly launched Substack, “Radically Pragmatic.” Trade Fact emails will continue as usual, free and with no solicitations.

The core assumption of the Trump administration’s tariff decrees is a paradox: for American working-class life to improve, working-class living standards must fall. (Samples: three TVs are too many for a working family; two dolls per girl should be plenty; no price is too high for a locally-made toaster.) Put more sympathetically, the claim is that while tariffs will raise prices for families, they will offset the cost by shifting workers out of the jobs they now have into factories. But whether or not this is what hourly-wage Americans actually want, it doesn’t seem to be happening. After nine years of elevated tariffs and other “populist” or “postneoliberal” experiments, plus 18 months of Depression-level protectionism, the “working class” appears to have gotten (a) relatively smaller, (b) less concentrated in goods-production, and (c) more centered in health care. Some data –

Definitions: The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ “Current Population Survey” says 163.5 million Americans were employed in 2025. Slightly less than half — 81.6 million, 49.9% of the total — were ‘working class’ employees earning their incomes in hourly wages or tips. The other 81.9 million worked for salaries, executive profit-sharing, professional fees, investment income, etc. Among the hourly-wage workers, just over 80% (66.3 million) held ‘services’ jobs: waiting tables, stocking grocery shelves, repairing brakes, trimming hair, cleaning halls and bathrooms, and running hospital admissions desks. Another 5.7 million worked on construction sites, and the final 9.6 million held the sort of “goods-production” jobs the administration believes will grow with higher tariffs: 8.44 million in manufacturing; 0.87 million in farm labor, forestry, and fisheries; 0.28 million in mining and energy production.

The 2025 goods-producing total, 9.6 million, isn’t much changed from BLS’s 2024 total. (Technically, down by 34,000 jobs from 9.630 million to 9.596 million.) But it’s well below the 10.6 million recorded for 2016, in the last year of the Obama administration. The overall “working-class” share of jobs was higher too, at 52.7% of that year’s 151.4 million employed Americans. A table illustrates the change over a decade:

2016 2025 Change
All employed Americans 151.44 million 163.49 million +12.05 million
Salaried and other non-wage workers 71.56 million 81.94 million +10.38 million
Hourly-wage workers 79.88 million 81.55 million +1.67 million
… in health 12.00 million 13.18 million   +1.18 million
… in retail 11.15 million 11.17 million   +0.02 million
… in restaurants & other food services   7.43 million   7.32 million   -0.11 million
… in ‘other services’*   2.74 million   2.88 million   +0.06 million
… in education   1.77 million   1.96 million   +0.19 million
… in accommodation   1.12 million   0.84 million   -0.28 million
… in maid/domestic work   0.53 million   0.45 million   -0.08 million
… in construction   5.05 million   5.66 million   +0.51 million
Goods production 10.56 million   9.59 million   -0.97 million
… in manufacturing   9.31 million   8.44 million   -0.87 million
… in agriculture, forestry, & fisheries   0.85 million   0.87 million   +0.02 million
… in mining   0.40 million   0.28 million   -0.12 million
All other 29.58 million 28.50 million   -0.92 million

* “Other services” is a BLS term of art, a miscellaneous category including personal care work in hair salons and beauty parlors, repair shop jobs, dry-cleaning and laundry, funeral homes, non-profits, and others.

The pre-tariff, Obama-era trends look somewhat different. From the financial crisis low in 2010 to 2016, BLS’ count of hourly-wage goods-producing jobs rose by about a million, or from 9.50 million to 10.56 million, with most of this growth in manufacturing. On a larger scale, the goods-producing share of U.S. hourly-wage jobs rose a bit, after falling in the previous decade. Three notes on this:

Manufacturing: Hourly-wage jobs account for about two-thirds of factory employment, as against the 49.9% of total U.S. employment. This share is shrinking, though: while shedding 870,000 hourly-wage line worker jobs since 2016, manufacturers have added a net of 624,000 employees in the salaried-and-profit-sharing tier. This suggests that modern U.S. manufacturers require more education and specialized skills than their 20th-century ancestors, while robots and computers are diminishing the number of line workers.

Prices: Trump administration tariffs, at least so far, haven’t shifted any workers from service jobs to factory work. They have, though, pushed up the cost of things like TV sets, toasters, and dolls. A Harvard Business School “Price Tracker” project reports that prices of tariffed consumer goods have risen 6.8% above the pre-tariff trend, and those of similar domestic goods by 5.2%.

Policy: The past decade’s experiments — “post-neoliberal” and “national-conservative” theorizing, industrial strategies and “Buy American” regulations, tariff hikes – obviously haven’t produced a larger industrial working class. As to whether they’ve actually made it smaller, they’re very unlikely to be the whole story. Both technological change and reduced needs for lower-skilled factory and mine work, and ‘graying’ demographics and the consequent need to add health care and social assistance jobs, must be important factors.

That said, tariffs are likely part of the story. As academic economists Kadee Russ and Lydia Cox showed in 2020, analyzing the first Trump term’s steel and aluminum tariffs — 1,000 jobs saved or created in metals, 75,000 lost in metal-using manufacturing — a “sectoral” tariff increase often gives to some (at least in the short term), but usually takes from others. General tariff increases like those the Trump administration imposed by decree last year, meanwhile, act like a tax on all purchases of physical goods – cars and clothes, oranges and gasoline, semiconductor chips and copper coil, etc. That makes both producing and buying manufactured goods and farm products more expensive at home, and also makes U.S.-exported goods cost more abroad. Against that backdrop, no big surprise to see goods-producing employment in relative decline.

FURTHER READING

PPI’s four principles for response to tariffs and economic isolationism:

  • Defend the Constitution and oppose rule by decree;
  • Connect tariff policy to growth, work, prices and family budgets, and living standards;
  • Stand by America’s neighbors and allies;
  • Offer a positive alternative.

From PPI on America’s workforce and health systems: PPI’s New Skills for a New Economy Project, led by Workforce Policy Development Director Michael Pearson.

Health Care Policy Director Alix Ware examines public health trends, Medicaid cuts, and more.

Analysis:

Harvard Business School economists track the upward drift in consumer-goods prices, 2024-2026.

Russ & Cox calculate jobs gained and lost from steel and aluminum tariffs, 2018-2020.

And Federal Reserve economists conclude that “2025’s tariffs have led to statistically significant increases in prices of consumer goods more exposed to tariffs,” and that “tariff effects on prices gradually build over time, with cumulative effects seven months after implementation.”

Data:

From the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Current Population Survey offers lots of different statistical insights on work, hours, hourly wage vs. total employment (see Table 45), unionization, and more, with archives back to 1999. A table illustrating (a) the long-term drop in the employment shares of hourly-wage work generally, (b) the drop in the goods-producing job share, and (c) the growth in the “health and social assistance” share.

Total Employed All hourly-wage jobs Goods-production jobs Health & social assistance
2025 163.5 million 49.90% 5.90% 8.10%
2016 151.4 million 52.70% 7.00% 7.90%
2010 139.1 million 52.40% 6.80% 8.00%
2005 141.7 million 53.30% 8.00% 7.10%

And BLS’ database tracks job totals, employment and unemployment rates, hiring and layoff trends, and other issues.

ABOUT ED

Ed Gresser is Vice President and Director for Trade and Global Markets at PPI.

Ed returns to PPI after working for the think tank from 2001-2011. He most recently served as the Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Trade Policy and Economics at the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR). In this position, he led USTR’s economic research unit from 2015-2021, and chaired the 21-agency Trade Policy Staff Committee.

Ed began his career on Capitol Hill before serving USTR as Policy Advisor to USTR Charlene Barshefsky from 1998 to 2001. He then led PPI’s Trade and Global Markets Project from 2001 to 2011. After PPI, he co-founded and directed the independent think tank ProgressiveEconomy until rejoining USTR in 2015. In 2013, the Washington International Trade Association presented him with its Lighthouse Award, awarded annually to an individual or group for significant contributions to trade policy.

Ed is the author of Freedom from Want: American Liberalism and the Global Economy (2007). He has published in a variety of journals and newspapers, and his research has been cited by leading academics and international organizations including the WTO, World Bank, and International Monetary Fund. He is a graduate of Stanford University and holds a Master’s Degree in International Affairs from Columbia Universities and a certificate from the Averell Harriman Institute for Advanced Study of the Soviet Union.

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Work-Based Learning Requires Support from Policymakers, Industry, PPI Highlights in New Report

WASHINGTON (July 14, 2026) — A new report by the Progressive Policy Institute (PPI) finds that career and technical education programs that include high-quality work-based learning require not just an entrepreneurial mindset on the part of school leaders but support from policymakers, industry, and philanthropy. While there are many structured learning experiences available today, the report advocates for building the basic infrastructure that ensures every student has access to programs that help them complete graduation requirements, understand employer expectations, and build a foundation for future educational or career opportunities.

Authored by Rachel Canter, PPI’s Director of Education Policy, and Bruno Manno, Senior Advisor of PPI’s What Works Lab, “A Practical Guide to Work-Based Learning: Lessons from Six Programs at the Cutting-Edge of Career Education,” highlights six innovative career education programs across the country. While these programs differ in student demographics, geography, and industry focus, they all reflect a model called opportunity pluralism, an idea that young adults should have more than one credible route to a good and dignified life.

“The best work-based learning programs give students’ high school experience purpose by authentically connecting academic learning to their career field of interest,” said Canter. “With proper infrastructure, these programs can transform children’s lives and better prepare them for their lives after high school graduation.”

To expand the number of career and technical education programs that offer high-quality work-based learning nationwide, Canter and Manno outline recommendations for policymakers, school leaders, employers, and philanthropies:

Policymakers should

  • Treat work-based learning as a core part of high school design, not as an optional enrichment activity.
  • Fund the real costs of earn-and-learn programs.
  • Create more opportunities for industry experts to teach or supervise career-related coursework.
  • Support regional collaboration.

School leaders should

  • Recognize that work-based learning is a systems problem, not simply a scheduling problem.
  • Design pathways backward from meaningful experiences.
  • Start small and focused.

Industry should

  • View earn-and-learn programs as part of their talent strategy.
  • Begin with manageable commitments like job shadows, workplace visits, short projects, or summer internships.
  • Strengthen programs by participating early in pathway design.

Philanthropy should

  • Help earn-and-learn programs move from idea to implementation.
  • Invest not only in program grants but in systems and structures.
  • Convene partners.

“These programs cannot be seen as merely an add-on,” said Manno. “Policymakers, schools, industry, and philanthropic partners must take action to help work-based learning move beyond a niche offering to part of a widespread career and technical education system that ensures student success.”

Read and download the report here.

The Reinventing America’s Schools Project seeks to refocus national leadership around proven strategies to improve public schools and educational achievement. We believe that American public schools must prepare children academically to be successful adults and citizens; families should have a voice in their child’s education, including a choice within the public system to find a school that best fits their child’s needs; and, though education is the province of the states, the federal government must protect the promise that every child will have access to a quality public education.

The What Works Lab (WWL) gathers evidence on the effectiveness of programs that create education and training career pathways to jobs and opportunities for students and workers. This information helps policymakers, practitioners, employers, and other stakeholders foster continuous learning and enhance the effectiveness of career pathways programs.

Founded in 1989, PPI is a catalyst for policy innovation and political reform based in Washington, D.C. Its mission is to create radically pragmatic ideas for moving America beyond ideological and partisan deadlock. Find an expert and learn more about PPI by visiting progressivepolicy.org. Follow us at @ppi.

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Media Contact: Ian O’Keefe – iokeefe@ppionline.org

A Practical Guide to Work-Based Learning: Lessons from Six Programs at the Cutting-Edge of Career Education

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Career education programs that include work-based learning are becoming an important part of American high schools. At their best, these programs connect classroom learning with real work experience, giving students a chance to explore careers, build practical skills, learn workplace habits, and understand how academic knowledge is used beyond school.

Increasingly, the most promising models connect school, work, and postsecondary preparation through career pathways that allow students to gain real experience while still in high school. Students may participate in job shadowing, internships, apprenticeships, simulated workplaces, or service-learning projects. The strongest programs are not simply jobs for students. In high-quality programs, students perform real tasks, receive adult supervision and feedback, work toward clear learning goals, and connect the experience to a broader pathway that may include credentials, college credit, further training, or employment. They are structured learning experiences tied to school goals, employer expectations, and future educational or career opportunities.

These programs reflect a broader movement toward a model we call opportunity pluralism. The idea is that young people should have more than one credible route to a good and dignified life. In K-12 education, opportunity pluralism means moving beyond a single expected path from high school to a four-year college and then to a career. It supports multiple pathways that combine academic knowledge, career-oriented skills, credentials, and professional networks. Unlike old-style vocational tracking, which too often narrowed opportunity, opportunity pluralism aims to expand it such that students leave high school not only with a diploma but also with college credit. That includes college credit, industry-recognized credentials, supervised work experience, employer relationships, and a clearer sense of what comes next.

This report draws on interviews with leaders from six work-based learning programs across the country: CAST Schools in San Antonio, Texas; the Career Academy Network of Public Charter Schools in South Bend, Indiana; the Fremont Multidistrict Initiative in rural Colorado; Launchpad Philly with Building21 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Purdue Polytechnic Charter High Schools in Indiana; and the Rural Alliance Zone, or RAZ32, in Randolph County, Indiana. These programs differ in structure, geography, governance, and industry focus, yet they point to a common lesson: Work-based learning succeeds when schools and communities work together to build the structures and systems that allow young people to move effectively between classrooms and workplaces.

The programs profiled here show that these models require more than willing schools and employers or motivated students. They depend on bigger system conditions that many states cannot yet offer for schools: state graduation and accountability policies that recognize work-based learning; dedicated funding for costs that traditional school budgets often overlook; flexibility in teacher licensure and staffing; strong employer partnerships; full-time personnel to manage relationships; and transportation plans that allow students to reach placements. When these conditions are missing, schools must create workarounds. When they are present, career pathways can become permanent systems rather than isolated opportunities. With this in mind, the report concludes with recommendations directed to policymakers, school leaders, employers, and philanthropy.

Read the full report.

Manno for Real Clear Education: School Absences Aren’t Created Equal: A Smarter Way to Fight Chronic Absenteeism

Chronic absenteeism remains high five years after the pandemic. More than 20% of students are still chronically absent, missing 10% or nearly a month of school each year. Progress has been real but uneven. Absenteeism rates dropped from 29% to 21% between 2021–22 and 2024–25, according to data from 31 states.

But only 29% of students are in districts on pace to meet the national goal of cutting 2022 chronic absenteeism rates in half by 2027. That suggests the pace of improvement may be stalling, and the standard way of measuring the problem may be sending schools in the wrong direction.

School is the first rung on the opportunity ladder. A student who isn’t there can’t learn, build the relationships and habits that carry them into adult life, and access the pathways that make upward mobility possible. Chronic absenteeism isn’t just an attendance problem. It’s an opportunity problem that needs a sharper diagnosis than is typically used.

Read More in Real Clear Education.