Manno for AEI: The Growth of Earn-and-Learn Apprenticeship Degrees: Expanding America’s Mobility and Opportunity Structure

Key Points

• Earn-and-learn work-based education through apprenticeships is a promising and growing pathway to good jobs and other opportunities.
• To be successful, any effort to expand apprenticeship programs will have to brand and market them as genuine and effective pathways to jobs and opportunity.
• By valuing both educational and employment outcomes, the new apprenticeship degree paradigm makes the nation’s opportunity infrastructure more flexible and pluralistic.

Earn-and-learn work-based education through apprenticeships is a promising and growing pathway to good jobs and other opportunities—both for young people and for adults looking to switch careers. Those in apprenticeship programs earn a living by working, learn from mentors in the workplace and classroom, and receive an employer credential while taking on little to no student debt.

The recent popularization of the earn-and-learn model has spawned new forms of apprenticeships across the US, including apprenticeship degrees that combine work experience with the pursuit of a traditional college degree pathway. This work-based degree model aligns with Americans’ desire for more flexible, pluralistic pathways to opportunity. It also broadens the mobility and opportunity structure by recognizing and valuing diverse pathways to human flourishing beyond the pursuit of a traditional college degree.

Read the full report.

Manno for Real Clear Education: Earn and Learn Apprenticeships Create Opportunity for Young People

“Everyone wants to hire somebody with three years’ experience, and nobody wants to give them three years’ experience,” says Peter Capelli, management professor at The Wharton School. Many first-time job seekers confront this mismatch between work requirements and their ability to apply what they know to those demands. Analysts call this problem the job seeker’s experience gap.

K-12 schools, two- and four-year colleges, and workforce training programs can help young people overcome the experience gap through earn-and-learn apprenticeship programs. In addition to long-standing registered apprenticeships, new models are emerging, including youth apprenticeships, pre-apprenticeships, and apprenticeship degrees. National Apprenticeship Day is an opportunity to investigate this growing movement.

Read more in Real Clear Education.

Kahlenberg in City Journal: Will Universities Embrace Class-Based Preferences?

Richard Kahlenberg is an old-school liberal, committed to narrowing the gap between rich and poor. He’s also one of the leading critics of racial preferences in college admissions, having served as an expert witness for the plaintiffs in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, the Supreme Court case that effectively ended the practice. In his new book, Class Matters, Kahlenberg lays out the connection between these commitments.

Notably, Kahlenberg’s opposition to affirmative action doesn’t seem to be rooted in instinct or ideology. His concerns are practical. First, racial preferences divide the working class, making political solidarity harder to achieve. More significantly, the gatekeepers at selective colleges seem far more invested in race than in class—eliminating racial preferences, he argues, might finally force them to focus on economic disadvantage.

Citing studies of admissions data, Kahlenberg explains that, prior to Students for Fair Admissions, preferences for black applicants tended to be substantial, while those for lower-income students were minimal or nonexistent. Because wealthier students generally have stronger academic credentials—and can afford steep tuition—elite colleges became havens for a multiracial upper class, doing little to dismantle class barriers. Race-based affirmative action let these institutions achieve the aesthetic diversity they sought without making serious investments in financial aid.

Read more in City Journal.

Untapped Expertise: HBCUs as Charter Authorizers, Part 4

On this episode of RAS Reports, Curtis Valentine, the Director of PPI’s Reinventing America’s Schools Project, and Naomi Shelton, CEO of the National Charter Collaborative, sit down with Dr. Said Sewell, the President of Morris College in Sumter, South Carolina.

They discuss Dr. Sewell’s path to becoming the 11th President of Morris College, as well as how he sees his role in enhancing student success and the broader role of HBCUs as a whole.

This episode is the 4th in a series titled Untapped Expertise: HBCUs as Charter Authorizers, based on the paper of the same title by Curtis Valentine and Dr. Karega Rausch, President and CEO of NACSA.

Listen to the full episode.

Who Needs College Anymore? ft. Kathleen deLaski

On this episode of Radically Pragmatic, PPI’s Senior Advisor and Director of the What Works Lab, Bruno Manno is joined by Kathleen deLaski, a Senior Advisor at the Project on Workforce at Harvard.

The pair discuss deLaski’s new book, “Who Needs College Anymore?”, which she describes as a blueprint for a world in which a college degree is not the only way to unlock professional success. She touches on the workarounds that could well become the “new normal” for how America prepares for work.

Kathleen’s book can be ordered ⁠⁠here⁠⁠.

Manno for The 74: A K-12 Public School Choice Agenda for the Trump Administration

The Trump administration’s K-12 education policy prescriptions typically focus on ways to provide financial support for private schools, including federal vouchers and tax-credit scholarships. These programs require congressional action through new K-12 legislation or modifications to the U.S. tax code.

However, the administration has an additional opportunity to provide families with more K-12 education choices that has received far less attention. This involves existing federal programs, administrative guidance and regulatory shifts that would not require new legislation. Doing this would create more choices for families, give educators more options to work in different learning environments and unlock more educational opportunities for K-12 students nationwide.

This approach is consistent with the January 29 executive order that focused on helping parents escape the “geographically based school assignments” that constrain “choosing and directing the upbringing and education of their children.” The order requires the secretary of education to issue guidance on how states can use federal formula and discretionary grant programs to do this, consistent with the administration’s desire to return education authority to the states.

Read more in The 74.

Manno for Forbes: Is Experience Via Apprenticeship Degrees A New College Degree Pathway?

“Artificial intelligence snaps up good entry-level positions [so] entry-level jobs start to look like today’s mid-levels, which demand years of experience,” writes Ryan Craig, Managing Director at Achieve Partners. The result for college graduates who are career beginners is an experience gap, where requirements for good entry-level jobs are higher than in the past.

In cybersecurity, for example, Tier 1 entry-level jobs that involve detection and response are now automated. This creates new entry-level analyst jobs requiring at least four years of experience, placing a higher premium on demonstrated experience or knowing what to do with the skills individuals have.

Another example comes from OpenAI researchers, who showed how ChatGPT could perform thousands of tasks that cover more than 1,000 occupations defined by the U.S. Department of Labor. The effect is to “sever the career ladder of industries like finance and law,” writes Molly Kinder of the Brooking Institution. The problem will worsen as industry-specific language models develop, with employers adding years of job experience to entry-level job descriptions.

Read more in Forbes.

The Disengaged Teen, ft. Rebecca Winthrop

On this episode of Radically Pragmatic, PPI’s Senior Advisor and Director of the What Works Lab, Bruno Manno is joined by Rebecca Winthrop, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Universal Education at The Brookings Institution.

Winthrop discusses the motivation behind and premise of her and Jenny Anderson’s new book, “The Disengaged Teen: Helping Kids Learn Better, Feel Better, and Live Better.” She touches on the growing teen disengagement problem and explains her four modes of student engagement. She also discusses practical strategies for how parents and educators can engage students in learning. 

Rebecca’s book can be ordered here.

And check out Manno’s recent Forbes article on the book and revisiting the K-12 student engagement cliff.

Untapped Expertise: HBCUs as Charter Authorizers, Part 3

On this episode of RAS Reports, Curtis Valentine, the Director of PPI’s Reinventing America’s Schools Project, and Naomi Shelton, CEO of the National Charter Collaborative, sit down with Dr. Yolanda W. Page, the President of Stillman College in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

They discuss Dr. Page’s journey in becoming the 8th President of Stillman College, as well as how she sees the role of HBCU administrators in higher education evolving in today’s environment.

Marshall for The Hill: Public Schools are Languishing in a Political Dead Zone

Stumping for president a quarter-century ago, George W. Bush posed the immortal question, “Is our children learning?” Although his bad grammar elicited much condescending mirth, Bush at least seemed passionate about improving public schools.

Today’s national leaders, not so much.

Manno for Forbes: The K-12 Pandemic Disruption: Five Years And Counting

The month of March marks the five-year anniversary of the event that forever changed U.S. K-12 public education: the COVID-19 pandemic. The immediate effect of the President’s COVID-19 emergency declaration was that public schools closed their doors and went into lockdown mode. This lockdown produced long-term consequences for K-12 education.

One of these consequences is how dissatisfied Americans are today with public education. From 2019 to 2025, Gallup’s annual public satisfaction survey shows that the percentage of adults who report feeling dissatisfied with K-12 public education increased from 62% to 73%, with those who felt satisfied at the lowest level since 2001.

Another consequence is the learning loss disaster COVID-19 produced for our nation’s young people, especially the most vulnerable. (There also are other negative pandemic-related social and emotional consequences that befall young people.) To be fair, some of the pandemic’s distressing effects result from school closures, while others predate the pandemic but were made worse by it.

Read more in Forbes.

Kahlenberg for Slate: Martin Luther King Jr. Had a Dream for Economic Affirmative Action. The Supreme Court Failed Him.

In the era of Donald Trump, many liberals understandably look back with fondness at the time when Republican moderates recognized that racial diversity strengthens institutions.

Such nostalgia can include favorable feelings for three Republican-appointed Supreme Court justices who, over the course of nearly four decades, provided the crucial swing votes to sustain racial affirmative action in higher education. Nixon appointee Lewis F. Powell Jr. did so in the 1978 Bakke decision. Reagan appointee Sandra Day O’Connor did so in the 2003 Grutter ruling. And another Reagan appointee, Anthony Kennedy, did so in the 2016 Fisher case.

But what if that view is wrong? Looking back today, after the Supreme Court’s 2023 Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard decision, which struck down racial preferences, a very different picture emerges. Many (though not all) colleges have managed to preserve previous levels of racial diversity by adopting new programs to admit more low-income and working-class students of all races.

In light of this emerging evidence, the efforts of moderate Republican-appointed justices to fortify racial preferences takes on a different light. After all, the old admissions regime tended to benefit well-off Black and Hispanic students, and it provided political cover for a larger system of preferences for the mostly white children of alumni, donors, and faculty that is now coming under attack. What if the Republican moderates weren’t so much champions of racial justice as economic elitists who fulfilled the worst stereotypes of Republicans from that era?

Read more in Slate.

Kahlenberg for the New York Post: Here’s why real diversity should focus on class — not race

I’ve spent my career as a center-left thinker and writer, working with people like former New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio to help promote school integration and Keith Ellison and the late John Lewis to strengthen organized labor. So why did I agree to join a conservative group, Students for Fair Admissions, in its lawsuits against Harvard and the University of North Carolina in cases that enabled the Supreme Court to bring an end to racial preferences in 2023?

As I outline in my new book, Class Matters: The Fight to Get Beyond Race Preferences, Reduce Inequality, and Build Real Diversity at America’s Colleges, I testified as an expert witness that racial and economic diversity benefits students, but there is a much better way to accomplish these goals than through racial preferences.

Universities, I testified, should consider ending preferences for the wealthy and instead give an admissions break to economically disadvantaged students of all races, a substantial share of whom would, in fact, end up being Black and Hispanic.

I’d long argued that this approach could work, but I became even more convinced once I had a chance to peek inside the files at Harvard and UNC and see how the admissions process worked.

Read more in the New York Post.

Kahlenberg for The Boston Globe: Ending Legacy Preferences is Key to Current Admissions Reforms

Nearly two years ago, the Supreme Court struck down the use of racial preferences in college admissions — a momentous decision that has reverberated through the landscape of higher education and begun to usher in a new approach to diversity.

In response to the ruling, then-President Joe Biden urged colleges to keep their commitment to diversity but adopt a “new standard” in admissions to reward students who had overcome adversity, including a lack of financial means.

How has that worked out?

Old ideologies don’t die easily, and there was initial resistance to the ruling on both the far left and the far right. But most schools have come around to the view that it’s time to find new paths to diversity, centered around addressing America’s great class divide.

Read more in The Boston Globe.

Manno for Forbes: Who Needs College Anymore? Creating The Experience First College

A New Book Describes The Experience First College

“For every employer I interviewed for this book, from the largest tech companies to smaller and medium size businesses in cities or rural American, the most important resume signal today for candidates to get hired is not where they went to college, or even whether they went to college, but their experience relevant to the role they’ll be asked to perform. And experts anticipate that this will become even more of a trend if artificial intelligence begins to eliminate more entry-level jobs,” writes Kathleen deLaski, author of the new book Who Needs College Anymore? Imagining a Future Where Degrees Don’t Matter.

The typical college degree does not provide graduates with the experience they need for the work role they will be asked to perform, creating an experience gap for graduates. DeLaski’s solution to this problem is an experience first model of college. This approach prepares students for jobs by integrating elements of what colleges traditionally offer with significant work experiences, especially for the career that interests the student.

Read more in Forbes.